{"id":13962,"date":"2019-07-11T14:36:37","date_gmt":"2019-07-11T09:06:37","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/?p=13962"},"modified":"2019-10-17T12:29:32","modified_gmt":"2019-10-17T06:59:32","slug":"custom-as-natural-land-water-and-law-in-colonial-madras","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/custom-as-natural-land-water-and-law-in-colonial-madras\/","title":{"rendered":"Custom as Natural: Land, Water and Law in Colonial Madras"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='full_slider_1'  class='avia-fullwidth-slider main_color avia-shadow   avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_layout_row  avia-builder-el-first   container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div  class='avia-slideshow av-av_slideshow_full-256baf843038993bbe2e04682c8b91b9 avia-slideshow-featured av_slideshow_full avia-fade-slider av-slideshow-ui av-control-hidden av-no-slider-navigation av-hide-nav-arrows av-slideshow-manual av-loop-once av-loop-manual-endless 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el_after_av_cell_one_fifth  el_before_av_cell_one_fifth '  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-jxyglbn3-4fa828d8466a3f1b9c14ad8da8c6ec88\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-jxyglbn3-4fa828d8466a3f1b9c14ad8da8c6ec88{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-jxyglbn3-4fa828d8466a3f1b9c14ad8da8c6ec88 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-jxyglbn3-4fa828d8466a3f1b9c14ad8da8c6ec88 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-jxyglbn3-4fa828d8466a3f1b9c14ad8da8c6ec88 av-special-heading-h3  avia-builder-el-5  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag'  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Custom as Natural: Land, Water and Law in Colonial Madras<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jxyglyn5-47e67c4537f21e2825680c9967c3b23e '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px; text-transform: none; color: #8a0000;\"><em>Aditya Ramesh\u00a0<\/em>| 2018<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-jxygmhnt-36aa11ca28cc06433c892665ca4c4429 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p class=\"p2\">Abstract<\/p>\n<p>In 1865, the Madras government enacted a legislation, the Irrigation Cess Act, designed to allow it to extract revenue from water as separate as that from land. However, as emphasized by many commentators, this pithy legislation was far from comprehensive in its definition of government powers over water. Faced with resolute opposition from zamindars to any further legislation that would centralize control over water resources as well as powers to levy fees over water use to the government, the Madras state was forced to confront zamindars in court over the interpretation of the Irrigation Cess Act. In 1917, the Privy Council, the highest court in the land, delivered a landmark judgement in resolution of a dispute between the Madras government and the Urlam zamindari. The Urlam case, this article argues, lends a new perspective to historiography on custom and the environment in colonial India. The Privy Council judgement rendered custom a physical, historically reified, and \u2018natural\u2019 quality, simultaneously within and outside the encounter between labour and nature.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\">\n<p class=\"p4\">\n<p class=\"p4\">\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='avia-button-wrap av-jxygot1z-3e2e2540cfdf388b7fad1ce80fad9ac9-wrap avia-button-left  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_hr '><a href='https:\/\/journals.sagepub.com\/doi\/full\/10.1177\/0257643017736402' class='avia-button av-jxygot1z-3e2e2540cfdf388b7fad1ce80fad9ac9 avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-medium avia-position-left avia-color-theme-color' target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue82d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Access Paper<\/span><\/a><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" 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class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-0366cc7376be6c9e82a3e9cc8987b64f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px; text-transform: none; color: #8a0000;\"><em>Amir Bashir Bazaz\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>| 4 June 2015\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-av_textblock-0366cc7376be6c9e82a3e9cc8987b64f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p class=\"p2\">Key Questions<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">\u2022<\/span>Assumed that a project idea has been finalized, how do we estimate the quantum of money that is required?<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">\u2022<\/span>From where are we going to raise the required amount of money?<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\"><span class=\"s1\">\u2022<\/span>How do we justify the amount identified to be invested in the project conceptualized?<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\"><span class=\"s1\">\u2022<\/span>What are therefore; the municipal finance challenges? 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