{"id":14968,"date":"2020-02-21T10:51:42","date_gmt":"2020-02-21T05:21:42","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/?p=14968"},"modified":"2023-04-20T11:30:02","modified_gmt":"2023-04-20T06:00:02","slug":"accurate-lumen-diameter-measurement-in-curved-vessels-in-carotid-ultrasound-an-iterative-scale-space-and-spatial-transformation-approach","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/accurate-lumen-diameter-measurement-in-curved-vessels-in-carotid-ultrasound-an-iterative-scale-space-and-spatial-transformation-approach\/","title":{"rendered":"Accurate Lumen Diameter Measurement in Curved Vessels in Carotid Ultrasound: An Iterative Scale-Space and Spatial Transformation Approach"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='full_slider_1'  class='avia-fullwidth-slider main_color avia-shadow   avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_layout_row  avia-builder-el-first   container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div  class='avia-slideshow av-av_slideshow_full-256baf843038993bbe2e04682c8b91b9 avia-slideshow-featured av_slideshow_full avia-fade-slider av-slideshow-ui av-control-hidden av-no-slider-navigation av-hide-nav-arrows av-slideshow-manual av-loop-once av-loop-manual-endless av-default-height-applied   avia-slideshow-1' data-slideshow-options=\"{&quot;animation&quot;:&quot;fade&quot;,&quot;autoplay&quot;:false,&quot;loop_autoplay&quot;:&quot;once&quot;,&quot;interval&quot;:5,&quot;loop_manual&quot;:&quot;manual-endless&quot;,&quot;autoplay_stopper&quot;:false,&quot;noNavigation&quot;:true,&quot;bg_slider&quot;:false,&quot;keep_padding&quot;:false,&quot;hoverpause&quot;:false,&quot;show_slide_delay&quot;:0}\"  itemprop=\"image\" itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/ImageObject\" ><ul class='avia-slideshow-inner ' style='padding-bottom: 23.333333333333%;'><li  class='avia-slideshow-slide av-av_slideshow_full-256baf843038993bbe2e04682c8b91b9__0  av-single-slide slide-1 slide-odd'><div data-rel='slideshow-1' class='avia-slide-wrap '   ><img decoding=\"async\" fetchpriority=\"high\" class=\"wp-image-9141 avia-img-lazy-loading-not-9141\"  src=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/Bet365-Cityscapes-copy\/temple-1500x350.jpg\" width=\"1500\" height=\"350\" title='temple' alt=''  itemprop=\"thumbnailUrl\" srcset=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/Bet365-Cityscapes-copy\/temple.jpg 1500w, https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/Bet365-Cityscapes-copy\/temple-300x70.jpg 300w, https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/Bet365-Cityscapes-copy\/temple-1030x240.jpg 1030w, https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/Bet365-Cityscapes-copy\/temple-705x165.jpg 705w, https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-content\/uploads\/layerslider\/Bet365-Cityscapes-copy\/temple-450x105.jpg 450w\" sizes=\"(max-width: 1500px) 100vw, 1500px\" \/><\/div><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div>\n<div id='av-layout-grid-1'  class='av-layout-grid-container av-av_layout_row-caf1f26e08707a2ebe9176b630e736c2 entry-content-wrapper main_color av-flex-cells  avia-builder-el-1  el_after_av_slideshow_full  avia-builder-el-last  grid-row-not-first  container_wrap sidebar_right'  >\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_cell_one_fifth-4950cc613f23f78b3fe229495809bdba\">\n.flex_cell.av-av_cell_one_fifth-4950cc613f23f78b3fe229495809bdba{\nvertical-align:top;\nbackground-color:#dfdfdf;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-av_cell_one_fifth-4950cc613f23f78b3fe229495809bdba{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-av_cell_one_fifth-4950cc613f23f78b3fe229495809bdba av-gridrow-cell av_one_fifth no_margin  avia-builder-el-2  el_before_av_cell_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-first '  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><div  class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix  avia-builder-el-3  avia-builder-el-no-sibling '><div id=\"nav_menu-3\" class=\"widget clearfix widget_nav_menu\"><div class=\"menu-knowledge-gateway-container\"><ul id=\"menu-knowledge-gateway\" class=\"menu\"><li id=\"menu-item-18382\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-home menu-item-18382\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\">PUBLICATIONS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18383\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-custom menu-item-object-custom menu-item-18383\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/?page_id=9472\">PAPERS AND ARTICLES<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18384\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18384\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/books-and-monographs\/\">BOOKS, BOOK CHAPTERS AND MONOGRAPHS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18385\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18385\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/conference-proceedings\/\">CONFERENCE PROCEEDINGS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18386\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18386\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/reports\/\">REPORTS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18389\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18389\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/policy-papers\/\">POLICY PAPERS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18388\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18388\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/cases\/\">CASES<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18387\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18387\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/policy-briefs\/\">POLICY BRIEFS<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-19935\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-19935\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/glossaries\/\">GLOSSARIES<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18390\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18390\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/opinion-and-editorial\/\">OPINION AND EDITORIAL<\/a><\/li>\n<li id=\"menu-item-18391\" class=\"menu-item menu-item-type-post_type menu-item-object-page menu-item-18391\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/maps-and-data\/\">MAPS AND DATA<\/a><\/li>\n<\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_cell_three_fifth-5227a743201b625eadc00b27db60eab9\">\n.flex_cell.av-av_cell_three_fifth-5227a743201b625eadc00b27db60eab9{\nvertical-align:top;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-av_cell_three_fifth-5227a743201b625eadc00b27db60eab9{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-av_cell_three_fifth-5227a743201b625eadc00b27db60eab9 av-gridrow-cell av_three_fifth no_margin  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_cell_one_fifth  el_before_av_cell_one_fifth '  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-k6vppfi8-df648c4ef966ad90e9ae91ac0838f205\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-k6vppfi8-df648c4ef966ad90e9ae91ac0838f205{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-k6vppfi8-df648c4ef966ad90e9ae91ac0838f205 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-k6vppfi8-df648c4ef966ad90e9ae91ac0838f205 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-k6vppfi8-df648c4ef966ad90e9ae91ac0838f205 av-special-heading-h3  avia-builder-el-5  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag'  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Accurate Lumen Diameter Measurement in Curved Vessels in Carotid Ultrasound: An Iterative Scale-Space and Spatial Transformation Approach<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-k6vq4drb-96d93aafab7349617751c9e66a425c1f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px; text-transform: none; color: #8a0000;\"><em>P. Krishna Kumar, Tadashi Araki, Jeny Rajan, Luca Saba, Francesco Lavra, Nobutaka Ikeda, Aditya M. Sharma, Shoaib Shafique, Andrew Nicolaides, John R. Laird, Ajay Gupta &amp; Jasjit S. Suri <\/em>| 2016<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-k6vq57s1-f9387e1050aadab34d276db9f506ab1f '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p class=\"p2\">Abstract<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\">Monitoring of cerebrovascular diseases via carotid ultrasound has started to become a routine. The measurement of image-based lumen diameter (LD) or inter-adventitial diameter (IAD) is a promising approach for quantification of the degree of stenosis. The manual measurements of LD\/IAD are not reliable, subjective and slow. The curvature associated with the vessels along with non-uniformity in the plaque growth poses further challenges. This study uses a novel and generalized approach for automated LD and IAD measurement based on a combination of spatial transformation and scale-space. In this iterative procedure, the scale-space is first used to get the lumen axis which is then used with spatial image transformation paradigm to get a transformed image. The scale-space is then reapplied to retrieve the lumen region and boundary in the transformed framework. Then, inverse transformation is applied to display the results in original image framework. Two hundred and two patients\u2019 left and right common carotid artery (404 carotid images) B-mode ultrasound images were retrospectively analyzed. The validation of our algorithm has done against the two manual expert tracings. The coefficient of correlation between the two manual tracings for LD was 0.98 (<i>p<\/i>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001) and 0.99 (<i>p<\/i>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.0001), respectively. The precision of merit between the manual expert tracings and the automated system was 97.7 and 98.7%, respectively. The experimental analysis demonstrated superior performance of the proposed method over conventional approaches. Several statistical tests demonstrated the stability and reliability of the automated system.<\/p>\n<p class=\"p4\">\n<p class=\"p4\">\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='avia-button-wrap av-k6vq5raj-536f5a2f1d088010cfe7ded42ea84587-wrap avia-button-left  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_hr '><a href='https:\/\/link.springer.com\/article\/10.1007\/s11517-016-1601-y' class='avia-button av-k6vq5raj-536f5a2f1d088010cfe7ded42ea84587 avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-medium avia-position-left avia-color-theme-color' target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue82d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Access Paper<\/span><\/a><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_hr-5ea7596238ed9f191e6b5e662093052f\">\n#top .hr.hr-invisible.av-av_hr-5ea7596238ed9f191e6b5e662093052f{\nheight:30px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='hr av-av_hr-5ea7596238ed9f191e6b5e662093052f hr-invisible  avia-builder-el-9  el_after_av_button  el_before_av_social_share '><span class='hr-inner '><span class=\"hr-inner-style\"><\/span><\/span><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='av-social-sharing-box av-av_social_share-5995610a499585b311e23e1b98b9221f av-social-sharing-box-minimal  avia-builder-el-10  el_after_av_hr  avia-builder-el-last  av-social-sharing-box-fullwidth'><div class=\"av-share-box\"><h5 class='av-share-link-description av-no-toc '>Share this entry<\/h5><ul class=\"av-share-box-list noLightbox\"><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-facebook' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Facebook\" href='https:\/\/www.facebook.com\/sharer.php?u=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/accurate-lumen-diameter-measurement-in-curved-vessels-in-carotid-ultrasound-an-iterative-scale-space-and-spatial-transformation-approach\/&#038;t=Accurate%20Lumen%20Diameter%20Measurement%20in%20Curved%20Vessels%20in%20Carotid%20Ultrasound%3A%20An%20Iterative%20Scale-Space%20and%20Spatial%20Transformation%20Approach' aria-hidden='false' data-av_icon='\ue8f3' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Facebook' rel=\"noopener\"><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Facebook<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-twitter' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Twitter\" href='https:\/\/twitter.com\/share?text=Accurate%20Lumen%20Diameter%20Measurement%20in%20Curved%20Vessels%20in%20Carotid%20Ultrasound%3A%20An%20Iterative%20Scale-Space%20and%20Spatial%20Transformation%20Approach&#038;url=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/?p=14968' aria-hidden='false' data-av_icon='\ue932' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Twitter' rel=\"noopener\"><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Twitter<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-whatsapp' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on WhatsApp\" href='https:\/\/api.whatsapp.com\/send?text=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/accurate-lumen-diameter-measurement-in-curved-vessels-in-carotid-ultrasound-an-iterative-scale-space-and-spatial-transformation-approach\/' aria-hidden='false' data-av_icon='\uf232' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on WhatsApp' rel=\"noopener\"><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on WhatsApp<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-pinterest' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Pinterest\" href='https:\/\/pinterest.com\/pin\/create\/button\/?url=https%3A%2F%2Fiihs.co.in%2Fknowledge-gateway%2Faccurate-lumen-diameter-measurement-in-curved-vessels-in-carotid-ultrasound-an-iterative-scale-space-and-spatial-transformation-approach%2F&#038;description=Accurate%20Lumen%20Diameter%20Measurement%20in%20Curved%20Vessels%20in%20Carotid%20Ultrasound%3A%20An%20Iterative%20Scale-Space%20and%20Spatial%20Transformation%20Approach&#038;media=https%3A%2F%2Fiihs.co.in%2Fknowledge-gateway%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2F2018%2F01%2Fiihs_logo_R_1.png' aria-hidden='false' data-av_icon='\ue8f8' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Pinterest' rel=\"noopener\"><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Pinterest<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-linkedin' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on LinkedIn\" href='https:\/\/linkedin.com\/shareArticle?mini=true&#038;title=Accurate%20Lumen%20Diameter%20Measurement%20in%20Curved%20Vessels%20in%20Carotid%20Ultrasound%3A%20An%20Iterative%20Scale-Space%20and%20Spatial%20Transformation%20Approach&#038;url=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/accurate-lumen-diameter-measurement-in-curved-vessels-in-carotid-ultrasound-an-iterative-scale-space-and-spatial-transformation-approach\/' aria-hidden='false' data-av_icon='\ue8fc' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on LinkedIn' rel=\"noopener\"><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on LinkedIn<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-tumblr' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Tumblr\" href='https:\/\/www.tumblr.com\/share\/link?url=https%3A%2F%2Fiihs.co.in%2Fknowledge-gateway%2Faccurate-lumen-diameter-measurement-in-curved-vessels-in-carotid-ultrasound-an-iterative-scale-space-and-spatial-transformation-approach%2F&#038;name=Accurate%20Lumen%20Diameter%20Measurement%20in%20Curved%20Vessels%20in%20Carotid%20Ultrasound%3A%20An%20Iterative%20Scale-Space%20and%20Spatial%20Transformation%20Approach&#038;description=%3Cem%3EP.%20Krishna%20Kumar%2C%20Tadashi%20Araki%2C%20Jeny%20Rajan%2C%20Luca%20Saba%2C%20Francesco%20Lavra%2C%20Nobutaka%20Ikeda%2C%20Aditya%20M.%20Sharma%2C%20Shoaib%20Shafique%2C%20Andrew%20Nicolaides%2C%20John%20R.%20Laird%2C%20Ajay%20Gupta%20%26%20Jasjit%20S.%20Suri%3C%2Fem%3E%3Cbr%2F%3E%3Chr%2F%3E' aria-hidden='false' data-av_icon='\ue8fa' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Tumblr' rel=\"noopener\"><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Tumblr<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-vk' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Vk\" href='https:\/\/vk.com\/share.php?url=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/accurate-lumen-diameter-measurement-in-curved-vessels-in-carotid-ultrasound-an-iterative-scale-space-and-spatial-transformation-approach\/' aria-hidden='false' data-av_icon='\ue926' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Vk' rel=\"noopener\"><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Vk<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-reddit' ><a target=\"_blank\" aria-label=\"Share on Reddit\" href='https:\/\/reddit.com\/submit?url=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/accurate-lumen-diameter-measurement-in-curved-vessels-in-carotid-ultrasound-an-iterative-scale-space-and-spatial-transformation-approach\/&#038;title=Accurate%20Lumen%20Diameter%20Measurement%20in%20Curved%20Vessels%20in%20Carotid%20Ultrasound%3A%20An%20Iterative%20Scale-Space%20and%20Spatial%20Transformation%20Approach' aria-hidden='false' data-av_icon='\ue927' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share on Reddit' rel=\"noopener\"><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share on Reddit<\/span><\/a><\/li><li class='av-share-link av-social-link-mail' ><a  aria-label=\"Share by Mail\" href='mailto:?subject=Accurate%20Lumen%20Diameter%20Measurement%20in%20Curved%20Vessels%20in%20Carotid%20Ultrasound%3A%20An%20Iterative%20Scale-Space%20and%20Spatial%20Transformation%20Approach&#038;body=https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/accurate-lumen-diameter-measurement-in-curved-vessels-in-carotid-ultrasound-an-iterative-scale-space-and-spatial-transformation-approach\/' aria-hidden='false' data-av_icon='\ue805' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello' title='' data-avia-related-tooltip='Share by Mail'><span class='avia_hidden_link_text'>Share by Mail<\/span><\/a><\/li><\/ul><\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_cell_one_fifth-08b0eae3ef1ee91ce1bc2f44da4ce61e\">\n.flex_cell.av-av_cell_one_fifth-08b0eae3ef1ee91ce1bc2f44da4ce61e{\nvertical-align:top;\nbackground-color:#cfcfcf;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-av_cell_one_fifth-08b0eae3ef1ee91ce1bc2f44da4ce61e{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-av_cell_one_fifth-08b0eae3ef1ee91ce1bc2f44da4ce61e av-gridrow-cell av_one_fifth no_margin  avia-builder-el-11  el_after_av_cell_three_fifth  avia-builder-el-last '  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p><div  class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix  avia-builder-el-12  el_before_av_sidebar  avia-builder-el-first '><div id=\"search-2\" class=\"widget clearfix widget_search\"><h3 class=\"widgettitle\">Search<\/h3>\n\n<form action=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/\" id=\"searchform\" method=\"get\" class=\"\">\n\t<div>\n\t\t<input type=\"submit\" value=\"\ue803\" id=\"searchsubmit\" class=\"button avia-font-entypo-fontello\" \/>\n\t\t<input type=\"text\" id=\"s\" name=\"s\" value=\"\" placeholder='Search' \/>\n\t\t\t<\/div>\n<\/form>\n<\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<div  class='avia-builder-widget-area clearfix  avia-builder-el-13  el_after_av_sidebar  avia-builder-el-last '><div id=\"tag_cloud-3\" class=\"widget clearfix widget_tag_cloud\"><h3 class=\"widgettitle\">Tags<\/h3><div class=\"tagcloud\"><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/1-5c\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-125 tag-link-position-1\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"1.5\u00b0C (2 items)\">1.5\u00b0C<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/accuracy-assessment\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-185 tag-link-position-2\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"accuracy assessment (1 item)\">accuracy assessment<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/adaptation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-123 tag-link-position-3\" style=\"font-size: 11.478260869565pt;\" aria-label=\"Adaptation (4 items)\">Adaptation<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/bangalore\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-186 tag-link-position-4\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Bangalore (1 item)\">Bangalore<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/climate-change\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-68 tag-link-position-5\" style=\"font-size: 14.434782608696pt;\" aria-label=\"Climate Change (10 items)\">Climate Change<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/conference-reports\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-187 tag-link-position-6\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Conference Reports (1 item)\">Conference Reports<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/cultural-flows\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-200 tag-link-position-7\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Cultural Flows (1 item)\">Cultural Flows<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/culture\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-107 tag-link-position-8\" style=\"font-size: 14.434782608696pt;\" aria-label=\"Culture (10 items)\">Culture<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/data-and-metrics\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-103 tag-link-position-9\" style=\"font-size: 18.347826086957pt;\" aria-label=\"Data and Metrics (30 items)\">Data and Metrics<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/design\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-145 tag-link-position-10\" style=\"font-size: 11.478260869565pt;\" aria-label=\"Design (4 items)\">Design<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/economic-development\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-99 tag-link-position-11\" style=\"font-size: 18.95652173913pt;\" aria-label=\"Economic Development (35 items)\">Economic Development<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/ecosystem\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-152 tag-link-position-12\" style=\"font-size: 15.826086956522pt;\" aria-label=\"Ecosystem (15 items)\">Ecosystem<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/energy\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-160 tag-link-position-13\" style=\"font-size: 11.478260869565pt;\" aria-label=\"Energy (4 items)\">Energy<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/environment-and-climate\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-104 tag-link-position-14\" style=\"font-size: 22pt;\" aria-label=\"Environment and Climate (80 items)\">Environment and Climate<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/equity\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-94 tag-link-position-15\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Equity (2 items)\">Equity<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/gender\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-110 tag-link-position-16\" style=\"font-size: 11.478260869565pt;\" aria-label=\"Gender (4 items)\">Gender<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/ghs-pop\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-183 tag-link-position-17\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"GHS-POP (1 item)\">GHS-POP<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/governance\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-102 tag-link-position-18\" style=\"font-size: 18pt;\" aria-label=\"Governance (27 items)\">Governance<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/gynecology-and-obstetrics\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-188 tag-link-position-19\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Gynecology And Obstetrics (1 item)\">Gynecology And Obstetrics<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/health\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-151 tag-link-position-20\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Health (2 items)\">Health<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/higher-education\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-195 tag-link-position-21\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"higher education (1 item)\">higher education<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/housing\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-13 tag-link-position-22\" style=\"font-size: 18pt;\" aria-label=\"Housing (27 items)\">Housing<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/human-development\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-100 tag-link-position-23\" style=\"font-size: 15.652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Human Development (14 items)\">Human Development<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/india\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-182 tag-link-position-24\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"India (1 item)\">India<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/industrial-policy\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-80 tag-link-position-25\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Industrial Policy (2 items)\">Industrial Policy<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/institutional-structures\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-197 tag-link-position-26\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"institutional structures (1 item)\">institutional structures<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/instructional-design\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-150 tag-link-position-27\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Instructional Design (2 items)\">Instructional Design<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/ipcc\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-126 tag-link-position-28\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"IPCC (2 items)\">IPCC<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/knowledge\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-143 tag-link-position-29\" style=\"font-size: 10.608695652174pt;\" aria-label=\"Knowledge (3 items)\">Knowledge<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/land\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-108 tag-link-position-30\" style=\"font-size: 19.565217391304pt;\" aria-label=\"Land (42 items)\">Land<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/non-economic-loss\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-194 tag-link-position-31\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Non-Economic Loss &quot; (1 item)\">Non-Economic Loss &quot;<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/pedagogy\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-196 tag-link-position-32\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"pedagogy (1 item)\">pedagogy<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/planning\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-106 tag-link-position-33\" style=\"font-size: 17.565217391304pt;\" aria-label=\"Planning (24 items)\">Planning<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/policies\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-146 tag-link-position-34\" style=\"font-size: 10.608695652174pt;\" aria-label=\"Policies (3 items)\">Policies<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/population-mapping\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-184 tag-link-position-35\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"population mapping (1 item)\">population mapping<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/poverty-and-inequality\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-101 tag-link-position-36\" style=\"font-size: 17.391304347826pt;\" aria-label=\"Poverty and Inequality (23 items)\">Poverty and Inequality<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/research-communication\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-199 tag-link-position-37\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Bet365 लाइव क्रिकेट स्ट्रीमिंग Communication (1 item)\">Bet365 लाइव क्रिकेट स्ट्रीमिंग Communication<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/risk\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-97 tag-link-position-38\" style=\"font-size: 16.521739130435pt;\" aria-label=\"Risk (18 items)\">Risk<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/scholarly-publishing\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-130 tag-link-position-39\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Scholarly Publishing (2 items)\">Scholarly Publishing<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/science-gaps\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-193 tag-link-position-40\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Science Gaps (1 item)\">Science Gaps<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/sustainability\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-93 tag-link-position-41\" style=\"font-size: 12.782608695652pt;\" aria-label=\"Sustainability (6 items)\">Sustainability<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/transport\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-95 tag-link-position-42\" style=\"font-size: 12.173913043478pt;\" aria-label=\"Transport (5 items)\">Transport<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/urban-equality\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-198 tag-link-position-43\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"urban equality (1 item)\">urban equality<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/urbanisation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-88 tag-link-position-44\" style=\"font-size: 12.782608695652pt;\" aria-label=\"Urbanisation (6 items)\">Urbanisation<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/water-and-sanitation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-96 tag-link-position-45\" style=\"font-size: 17.826086956522pt;\" aria-label=\"Water and Sanitation (26 items)\">Water and Sanitation<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><em>P. Krishna Kumar, Tadashi Araki, Jeny Rajan, Luca Saba, Francesco Lavra, Nobutaka Ikeda, Aditya M. Sharma, Shoaib Shafique, Andrew Nicolaides, John R. Laird, Ajay Gupta &#038; Jasjit S. Suri<\/em><\/p>\n<hr\/>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11834,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[71],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-14968","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paper"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14968","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=14968"}],"version-history":[{"count":1,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14968\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":19407,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/14968\/revisions\/19407"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11834"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=14968"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=14968"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=14968"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}