{"id":17159,"date":"2021-10-20T11:22:17","date_gmt":"2021-10-20T05:52:17","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/?p=17159"},"modified":"2021-10-20T11:22:17","modified_gmt":"2021-10-20T05:52:17","slug":"spatial-patterns-of-suspended-sediment-yields-in-a-humid-tropical-watershed-in-costa-rica","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/spatial-patterns-of-suspended-sediment-yields-in-a-humid-tropical-watershed-in-costa-rica\/","title":{"rendered":"Spatial Patterns of Suspended Sediment Yields in a Humid Tropical Watershed in Costa Rica"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='full_slider_1'  class='avia-fullwidth-slider main_color avia-shadow   avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_layout_row  avia-builder-el-first   container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div  class='avia-slideshow av-av_slideshow_full-256baf843038993bbe2e04682c8b91b9 avia-slideshow-featured av_slideshow_full avia-fade-slider av-slideshow-ui av-control-hidden 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el_after_av_cell_one_fifth  el_before_av_cell_one_fifth '  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kuz396j2-688e688ca47c9dd5b4034c8882e4d94d\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kuz396j2-688e688ca47c9dd5b4034c8882e4d94d{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kuz396j2-688e688ca47c9dd5b4034c8882e4d94d .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kuz396j2-688e688ca47c9dd5b4034c8882e4d94d .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kuz396j2-688e688ca47c9dd5b4034c8882e4d94d av-special-heading-h3  avia-builder-el-5  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag'  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Spatial Patterns of Suspended Sediment Yields in a Humid Tropical Watershed in Costa Rica<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuz3cwzd-2ecc7616174b77479ec3335f86886c20 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px; text-transform: none; color: #8a0000;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/iihs-people\/team\/jagdish-krishnaswamy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jagdish Krishnaswamy<\/a>, Daniel D. Richter, Patrick N. Halpin, Michael S. Hofmockel <\/em>| 2001<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kuz3fy37-a850dea415deb4a567b7b4343a4d3cac '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p class=\"p2\">Abstract<\/p>\n<p>An Erratum has been published for this article in\u00a0Hydrological Processes 16(5) 2002, 1130\u20131131.<\/p>\n<p>Humid tropical regions are often characterized by extreme variability of fluvial processes. The Rio Terraba drains the largest river basin, covering 4767 km<sup>2<\/sup>, in Costa Rica. Mean annual rainfall is 3139\u00b1419<sub>sd<\/sub>\u00a0mm and mean annual discharge is 2168\u00b1492<sub>sd<\/sub>\u00a0mm (1971\u201388). Loss of forest cover, high rainfall erosivity and geomorphologic instability all have led to considerable degradation of soil and water resources at local to basin scales. Parametric and non-parametric statistical methods were used to estimate sediment yields.<\/p>\n<p>In the Terraba basin, sediment yields per unit area increase from the headwaters to the basin mouth, and the trend is generally robust towards choice of methods (parametric and LOESS) used. This is in contrast to a general view that deposition typically exceeds sediment delivery with increase in basin size. The specific sediment yield increases from 112\u00b111\u00b74<sub>sd<\/sub>\u00a0t km<sup>\u22122<\/sup>\u00a0year<sup>\u22121<\/sup>\u00a0(at 317\u00b79 km<sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0on a major headwater tributary) to 404\u00b1141\u00b77<sub>sd<\/sub>\u00a0t km<sup>\u22122<\/sup>\u00a0year<sup>\u22121<\/sup>\u00a0(at 4766\u00b77 km<sup>2<\/sup>) at the basin mouth (1971\u201392). The analyses of relationships between sediment yields and basin parameters for the Terraba sub-basins and for a total of 29 basins all over Costa Rica indicate a strong land use effect related to intensive agriculture besides hydro-climatology. The best explanation for the observed pattern in the Terraba basin is a combined spatial pattern of land use and rainfall erosivity. These were integrated in a soil erosion index that is related to the observed patterns of sediment yield. Estimated sediment delivery ratios increase with basin area. Intensive agriculture in lower-lying alluvial fans exposed to highly erosive rainfall contributes a large part of the sediment load. The higher elevation regions, although steep in slope, largely remain under forest, pasture, or tree-crops. High rainfall erosivity (&gt;7400 MJ mm ha<sup>\u22121<\/sup>\u00a0h<sup>\u22121<\/sup>\u00a0year\u00a0<sup>\u22121<\/sup>) is associated with land uses that provide inadequate soil protection. It is also associated with steep, unstable slopes near the basin mouth.<\/p>\n<p>Improvements in land use and soil management in the lower-lying regions exposed to highly erosive rainfall are recommended, and are especially important to basins in which sediment delivery ratio increases downstream with increasing basin area.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='avia-button-wrap av-kuz3hnah-539f527ab56b0d679725d131c68496c1-wrap avia-button-left  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_hr '><a href='https:\/\/onlinelibrary.wiley.com\/doi\/10.1002\/hyp.230' class='avia-button av-kuz3hnah-539f527ab56b0d679725d131c68496c1 avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-medium avia-position-left avia-color-theme-color' target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue82d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Access Paper<\/span><\/a><\/div><br 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href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/poverty-and-inequality\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-101 tag-link-position-36\" style=\"font-size: 17.391304347826pt;\" aria-label=\"Poverty and Inequality (23 items)\">Poverty and Inequality<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/research-communication\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-199 tag-link-position-37\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Bet365 लाइव क्रिकेट स्ट्रीमिंग Communication (1 item)\">Bet365 लाइव क्रिकेट स्ट्रीमिंग Communication<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/risk\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-97 tag-link-position-38\" style=\"font-size: 16.521739130435pt;\" aria-label=\"Risk (18 items)\">Risk<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/scholarly-publishing\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-130 tag-link-position-39\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Scholarly Publishing (2 items)\">Scholarly Publishing<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/science-gaps\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-193 tag-link-position-40\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Science Gaps (1 item)\">Science Gaps<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/sustainability\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-93 tag-link-position-41\" style=\"font-size: 12.782608695652pt;\" aria-label=\"Sustainability (6 items)\">Sustainability<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/transport\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-95 tag-link-position-42\" style=\"font-size: 12.173913043478pt;\" aria-label=\"Transport (5 items)\">Transport<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/urban-equality\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-198 tag-link-position-43\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"urban equality (1 item)\">urban equality<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/urbanisation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-88 tag-link-position-44\" style=\"font-size: 12.782608695652pt;\" aria-label=\"Urbanisation (6 items)\">Urbanisation<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/water-and-sanitation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-96 tag-link-position-45\" style=\"font-size: 17.826086956522pt;\" aria-label=\"Water and Sanitation (26 items)\">Water and Sanitation<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><em>Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Daniel D. Richter, Patrick N. Halpin, Michael S. Hofmockel<\/em><\/p>\n<hr\/>\n","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":11835,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[71],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17159","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paper"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17159","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17159"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17159\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11835"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17159"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17159"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17159"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}