{"id":17217,"date":"2021-10-21T15:33:53","date_gmt":"2021-10-21T10:03:53","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/?p=17217"},"modified":"2021-10-21T15:37:33","modified_gmt":"2021-10-21T10:07:33","slug":"impact-of-iron-ore-mining-on-suspended-sediment-response-in-a-tropical-catchment-in-kudremukh-western-ghats-india","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/impact-of-iron-ore-mining-on-suspended-sediment-response-in-a-tropical-catchment-in-kudremukh-western-ghats-india\/","title":{"rendered":"Impact of Iron Ore Mining on Suspended Sediment Response in a Tropical Catchment in Kudremukh, Western Ghats, India"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='full_slider_1'  class='avia-fullwidth-slider main_color avia-shadow   avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_layout_row  avia-builder-el-first   container_wrap sidebar_right'  ><div  class='avia-slideshow av-5582y9t-804d01f21ff019ee3ba97f18e7375e50 avia-slideshow-featured av_slideshow_full 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class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-kv0s5f9t-13f613ee4d5db474cb0e03f14967b2c0\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-kv0s5f9t-13f613ee4d5db474cb0e03f14967b2c0{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-kv0s5f9t-13f613ee4d5db474cb0e03f14967b2c0 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-kv0s5f9t-13f613ee4d5db474cb0e03f14967b2c0 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-kv0s5f9t-13f613ee4d5db474cb0e03f14967b2c0 av-special-heading-h3  avia-builder-el-5  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag'  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Impact of Iron Ore Mining on Suspended Sediment Response in a Tropical Catchment in Kudremukh, Western Ghats, India<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kv0rwyzs-a669916686fcc54ce4bb1de6c372ccf2 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px; text-transform: none; color: #8a0000;\"><em><a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/iihs-people\/team\/jagdish-krishnaswamy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jagdish Krishnaswamy<\/a>, Milind Bunyan, Vishal K. Mehta, Niren Jain, K. Ullas Karanth\u00a0<\/em>| 2006<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-kv0ry4w5-c8dc4ce6547b666e455f2bf4b4b7e7c1 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p class=\"p2\">Abstract<\/p>\n<p class=\"p3\">Available secondary suspended sediment data from the 1980s was analyzed together with new data collected during 2001\u20132003 at instrumented sites upstream and downstream of open-cast mining activities (\u223c4.2\u00a0km<sup>2<\/sup>) in an enclosure within the Kudremukh National Park in south India. More than 50% of the suspended sediment load in both the Bhadra River and Bhadra Reservoir comes from mining-affected lands that occupy &lt;1% of the total catchment area (1968\u00a0km<sup>2<\/sup>). For baseflow conditions during the post-monsoon period of 2001, 0.02\u00a0Mg\u00a0km<sup>\u22122<\/sup>\u00a0day<sup>\u22121<\/sup>\u00a0of suspended sediment was discharged at the upstream site compared with 0.74\u00a0Mg\u00a0km<sup>\u22122<\/sup>\u00a0day<sup>\u22121<\/sup>\u00a0downstream of the mine. During the 2002 and 2003 monsoons, these rates increased to about 1.99 and 7.89\u00a0Mg\u00a0km<sup>\u22122<\/sup>\u00a0day<sup>\u22121<\/sup>\u00a0for upstream and downstream sites, respectively. The specific sediment yield above the mine is 239\u00a0Mg\u00a0km<sup>\u22122<\/sup>\u00a0year<sup>\u22121<\/sup>\u00a0versus 947\u00a0Mg\u00a0km<sup>\u22122<\/sup>\u00a0year<sup>\u22121<\/sup>\u00a0downstream. Sediment concentration downstream was significantly higher than upstream for all conditions. The current annual suspended sediment load below the mine ranges from 100,000 to over 150,000\u00a0Mg, depending on the size and frequency of large rain events. During the 2002 and 2003 monsoon seasons, 20\u201330% of the total suspended sediment load during the sampling period of 67 and 123 days, respectively, was transported in one single day and over one-third of the total recorded suspended load is discharged in less than 4 days in each monsoon. Daily rainfall and maximum hourly rainfall intensity were reasonable predictors of daily sediment loads downstream of the mine (<em>R<\/em><sup>2<\/sup>\u00a0=\u00a00.71 and 0.575, respectively;\u00a0<em>p<\/em>\u00a0&lt;\u00a00.001). However, the upstream response was not predicted well by these variables, suggesting an absence of rapid overland pathways and\/or reduced availability of easily transportable sediment on the less-disturbed lands above the mining area. Large episodic sediment events downstream of the mine were associated with daily rainfall &gt;150\u00a0mm and hourly intensities exceeding 20\u00a0mm. One hundred and nine such episodic events occurred between 1990 and 2001 alone. A conservative estimate of the total suspended sediment load in the Bhadra River after mining commenced in the 1980s is 1.37\u00a0\u00d7\u00a010<sup>6<\/sup>\u00a0Mg, although the actual value could be considerably higher, up to 10<sup>7<\/sup>\u00a0Mg. Comparison of historic data and another study in 1994, with recent measurements confirm that mining and associated activities in Kudremukh National Park are the greatest sources of sediment entering the Bhadra River; and the Bhadra river carries considerably more sediment now than before mining started damaging riverine ecosystems and disrupting downstream water resources.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='avia-button-wrap av-kv0rz57r-812d0808c4cb958fba8bc20868c2346d-wrap avia-button-left  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_hr '><a href='https:\/\/www.sciencedirect.com\/science\/article\/abs\/pii\/S0378112705007486' class='avia-button av-kv0rz57r-812d0808c4cb958fba8bc20868c2346d avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-medium avia-position-left avia-color-theme-color' target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue82d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'><\/span><span 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tag-link-position-35\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"population mapping (1 item)\">population mapping<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/poverty-and-inequality\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-101 tag-link-position-36\" style=\"font-size: 17.391304347826pt;\" aria-label=\"Poverty and Inequality (23 items)\">Poverty and Inequality<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/research-communication\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-199 tag-link-position-37\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Bet365 लाइव क्रिकेट स्ट्रीमिंग Communication (1 item)\">Bet365 लाइव क्रिकेट स्ट्रीमिंग Communication<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/risk\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-97 tag-link-position-38\" style=\"font-size: 16.521739130435pt;\" aria-label=\"Risk (18 items)\">Risk<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/scholarly-publishing\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-130 tag-link-position-39\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Scholarly Publishing (2 items)\">Scholarly Publishing<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/science-gaps\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-193 tag-link-position-40\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Science Gaps (1 item)\">Science Gaps<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/sustainability\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-93 tag-link-position-41\" style=\"font-size: 12.782608695652pt;\" aria-label=\"Sustainability (6 items)\">Sustainability<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/transport\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-95 tag-link-position-42\" style=\"font-size: 12.173913043478pt;\" aria-label=\"Transport (5 items)\">Transport<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/urban-equality\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-198 tag-link-position-43\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"urban equality (1 item)\">urban equality<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/urbanisation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-88 tag-link-position-44\" style=\"font-size: 12.782608695652pt;\" aria-label=\"Urbanisation (6 items)\">Urbanisation<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/water-and-sanitation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-96 tag-link-position-45\" style=\"font-size: 17.826086956522pt;\" aria-label=\"Water and Sanitation (26 items)\">Water and Sanitation<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><em>Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Milind Bunyan, Vishal K. Mehta, Niren Jain, K. Ullas Karanth<\/em><\/p>\n<hr\/>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":11835,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[71],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-17217","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-paper"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17217","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/2"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=17217"}],"version-history":[{"count":0,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/17217\/revisions"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/11835"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=17217"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=17217"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=17217"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}