{"id":21893,"date":"2025-10-01T12:14:57","date_gmt":"2025-10-01T06:44:57","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/?p=21893"},"modified":"2025-10-01T12:17:19","modified_gmt":"2025-10-01T06:47:19","slug":"sap-flux-and-stand-scale-transpiration-measurements-of-a-chir-pine-forest-in-the-west-central-himalayas-of-india-radial-and-seasonal-variations-and-comparison-with-co-located-hydrometeorolog","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/sap-flux-and-stand-scale-transpiration-measurements-of-a-chir-pine-forest-in-the-west-central-himalayas-of-india-radial-and-seasonal-variations-and-comparison-with-co-located-hydrometeorolog\/","title":{"rendered":"Sap Flux and Stand Scale Transpiration Measurements of a Chir Pine Forest in the West-Central Himalayas of India \u2013 Radial and Seasonal Variations and Comparison with Co-Located Hydrometeorological and Evapotranspiration Measurements"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='full_slider_1'  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id=\"style-css-av-3cn129x-af10b96cfc02b0f3db83af2ff0abb732\">\n.flex_cell.av-3cn129x-af10b96cfc02b0f3db83af2ff0abb732{\nvertical-align:top;\n}\n.responsive #top #wrap_all .flex_cell.av-3cn129x-af10b96cfc02b0f3db83af2ff0abb732{\npadding:30px 30px 30px 30px !important;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div class='flex_cell av-3cn129x-af10b96cfc02b0f3db83af2ff0abb732 av-gridrow-cell av_three_fifth no_margin  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_cell_one_fifth  el_before_av_cell_one_fifth '  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mg7m9fzi-03ae76aceaf20d52b7a3e24002398d69\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-mg7m9fzi-03ae76aceaf20d52b7a3e24002398d69{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-mg7m9fzi-03ae76aceaf20d52b7a3e24002398d69 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-mg7m9fzi-03ae76aceaf20d52b7a3e24002398d69 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-mg7m9fzi-03ae76aceaf20d52b7a3e24002398d69 av-special-heading-h3  avia-builder-el-5  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag'  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Sap Flux and Stand Scale Transpiration Measurements of a Chir Pine Forest in the West-Central Himalayas of India \u2013 Radial and Seasonal Variations and Comparison with Co-Located Hydrometeorological and Evapotranspiration Measurements<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mg7mco98-3d6d0c375e060930eee92141dc179d90 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px; text-transform: none; color: #8a0000;\"><em>Mukesh Kumar, Jaya Khanna, Jyoti Ranjan Mohanty, Girish Rama Varma, Denzil Daniel, <a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/iihs-people\/team\/jagdish-krishnaswamy\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Jagdish Krishnaswamy<\/a>, Sumit Sen\u00a0\u00a0<\/em>| 2 August 2025\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mg7md19l-f94ee950bdb5e809a184e08647bbcdbe '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p class=\"p2\">Abstract<\/p>\n<p>Biomes in west-central Himalayas are witnessing a large scale transition from biodiverse broadleaved forests to monoculture forests of Chir pine (Pinus roxburghii), reported to adversely impact watershed stream flows and hydrological services. However, the role of forest transpiration, a major factor controlling watershed hydrology, has not been studied well. This study presents the results of a 2-year long measurement campaign of tree (Tf) and stand (Ts) level transpiration and their response to associated hydrometeorological variables in a Chir pine dominated forested watershed. We quantify the contribution of these fluxes to the forest water budget and identify factors limiting transpiration. At the tree scale, Tf is found to significantly increase with age and to peak in the autumn season. At the stand scale, annual averaged Ts is around 1.1 mm day-1, peaking at 1.3 mm day-1 in autumn and dropping to 0.85 mm day-1 in summer with monsoons witnessing low values as well. Complementary measurements of forest evapotranspiration (ET) agree well with Ts but could more than twice as high as the latter at 3.4 mm day-1 in autumn, highlighting the role of transpiration from understory vegetation whose biomass peaks following the monsoons. Both Ts and ET are at least twice as large as stream discharge (Q) in all seasons except the monsoons in which case Ts is lower than both precipitation (P) and Q. Ts and ET also have different seasonalities than P and Q, highlighting the important role that Ts could play in regulating watershed hydrological reserves. Lastly, the forest is found to be energy limited in the monsoon, autumn and winter seasons and potentially water-limited in the summer season. 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items)\">Risk<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/scholarly-publishing\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-130 tag-link-position-39\" style=\"font-size: 9.5652173913043pt;\" aria-label=\"Scholarly Publishing (2 items)\">Scholarly Publishing<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/science-gaps\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-193 tag-link-position-40\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"Science Gaps (1 item)\">Science Gaps<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/sustainability\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-93 tag-link-position-41\" style=\"font-size: 12.782608695652pt;\" aria-label=\"Sustainability (6 items)\">Sustainability<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/transport\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-95 tag-link-position-42\" style=\"font-size: 12.173913043478pt;\" aria-label=\"Transport (5 items)\">Transport<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/urban-equality\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-198 tag-link-position-43\" style=\"font-size: 8pt;\" aria-label=\"urban equality (1 item)\">urban equality<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/urbanisation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-88 tag-link-position-44\" style=\"font-size: 12.782608695652pt;\" aria-label=\"Urbanisation (6 items)\">Urbanisation<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/water-and-sanitation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-96 tag-link-position-45\" style=\"font-size: 17.826086956522pt;\" aria-label=\"Water and Sanitation (26 items)\">Water and Sanitation<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p><em>Mukesh Kumar, Jaya Khanna, Jyoti Ranjan Mohanty, Girish Rama Varma, Denzil Daniel, Jagdish Krishnaswamy, Sumit 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