{"id":21962,"date":"2025-10-13T18:00:46","date_gmt":"2025-10-13T12:30:46","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/?p=21962"},"modified":"2025-10-13T18:00:46","modified_gmt":"2025-10-13T12:30:46","slug":"sanitation-related-empowerment-resources-are-associated-with-womens-well-being-anxiety-and-depression-findings-from-bangladesh-india-senegal-and-uganda","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/sanitation-related-empowerment-resources-are-associated-with-womens-well-being-anxiety-and-depression-findings-from-bangladesh-india-senegal-and-uganda\/","title":{"rendered":"Sanitation-Related Empowerment Resources are Associated with Women\u2019s Well-Being, Anxiety, and Depression: Findings from Bangladesh, India, Senegal, and Uganda"},"content":{"rendered":"<div id='full_slider_1'  class='avia-fullwidth-slider main_color avia-shadow   avia-builder-el-0  el_before_av_layout_row  avia-builder-el-first   container_wrap sidebar_right' 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class='flex_cell av-av_cell_three_fifth-5227a743201b625eadc00b27db60eab9 av-gridrow-cell av_three_fifth no_margin  avia-builder-el-4  el_after_av_cell_one_fifth  el_before_av_cell_one_fifth '  ><div class='flex_cell_inner'><p>\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-mgp3yaiy-15ccd7648974eaa2ed85ae1c14320d31\">\n#top .av-special-heading.av-mgp3yaiy-15ccd7648974eaa2ed85ae1c14320d31{\npadding-bottom:10px;\n}\nbody .av-special-heading.av-mgp3yaiy-15ccd7648974eaa2ed85ae1c14320d31 .av-special-heading-tag .heading-char{\nfont-size:25px;\n}\n.av-special-heading.av-mgp3yaiy-15ccd7648974eaa2ed85ae1c14320d31 .av-subheading{\nfont-size:15px;\n}\n<\/style>\n<div  class='av-special-heading av-mgp3yaiy-15ccd7648974eaa2ed85ae1c14320d31 av-special-heading-h3  avia-builder-el-5  el_before_av_textblock  avia-builder-el-first '><h3 class='av-special-heading-tag'  itemprop=\"headline\"  >Sanitation-Related Empowerment Resources are Associated with Women\u2019s Well-Being, Anxiety, and Depression: Findings from Bangladesh, India, Senegal, and Uganda<\/h3><div class=\"special-heading-border\"><div class=\"special-heading-inner-border\"><\/div><\/div><\/div><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mgp41a2f-d5d67f8f9157e04ba0ea52d70092bb6c '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p><span style=\"font-size: 13px; text-transform: none; color: #8a0000;\"><em>Thea Mink, Madeleine Patrick, Amelia Conrad, Tanvir Ahmed, Srishty Arun, Vinod Ramanarayanan, <a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/iihs-people\/team\/niladri-chakraborti\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Niladri Chakraborti<\/a>, Malini Reddy, <a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/iihs-people\/team\/abhilaasha-n\/\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener\">Abhilaasha Nagarajan<\/a>, Tanushree Bhan, Sheela S. Sinharoy, Bethany A. Caruso <\/em>| 4 January 2025\u00a0<\/span><\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<section  class='av_textblock_section av-mgp420ir-f27a959ad00cf6e6c7919705b0134d55 '   itemscope=\"itemscope\" itemtype=\"https:\/\/schema.org\/BlogPosting\" itemprop=\"blogPost\" ><div class='avia_textblock'  itemprop=\"text\" ><p id=\"p-3\">Nascent public health research has identified linkages between sanitation experiences and mental health. The present study examined associations between sanitation-related empowerment resources (Bodily Integrity, Safety and Security, Privacy, and Time) and mental health outcomes (well-being, depression, and anxiety).\u00a0We conducted a secondary analysis of cross-sectional data collected in 2021-2022 from household surveys of women in Bangladesh, India, Senegal, and Uganda (n = 2,122). The primary exposures were sanitation-related empowerment resources measured using the Agency, Resources, and Institutional Structures for Sanitation-related Empowerment (ARISE) Scales. Three outcomes were assessed: subjective well-being (World Health Organization Well-being Index, WHO-5), anxiety (General Anxiety Disorder measure, GAD-2), and depression (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-2). Linear regressions of the WHO-5, PHQ-2, and GAD-2 scores on the four sanitation-related empowerment resources were conducted. Overall mean scores for well-being were moderate, and overall mean scores for anxiety and depression indicated normal prevalence (well-being mean = 17.2, SD = 5.8, depression mean = 1.1, SD = 1.4; anxiety mean = 1.0, SD = 1.4). In the adjusted well-being model, there was a positive association between Privacy and well-being (\u03b2 = 2.0, p&lt;.001). In the adjusted depression model, there were negative associations between Bodily Integrity and depression (\u03b2 = -0.3, p=.002) and between Privacy and depression (\u03b2 = -0.4, p&lt;.001). In the adjusted anxiety model, there were negative associations between all four resources and anxiety (Bodily Integrity \u03b2 = -0.7, p&lt;.001; Safety and Security \u03b2 = -0.3, p=.025; Privacy \u03b2 = &#8211; 0.3, p=.037; Time \u03b2 = -0.2, p=.009).\u00a0Our findings provide evidence of associations between women\u2019s sanitation-related resources of Bodily Integrity, Safety and Security, Privacy, and Time and mental health. Sanitation initiatives should aim to enhance and evaluate women\u2019s experiences of these resources given their potential to benefit women\u2019s mental health and well-being.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/section><br \/>\n<div  class='avia-button-wrap av-mgp42cfk-b689923b3e29b5df49da5933e7e3cb6a-wrap avia-button-left  avia-builder-el-8  el_after_av_textblock  el_before_av_hr '><a href='https:\/\/www.medrxiv.org\/content\/10.1101\/2025.01.08.25320223v2' class='avia-button av-mgp42cfk-b689923b3e29b5df49da5933e7e3cb6a avia-icon_select-yes-left-icon avia-size-medium avia-position-left avia-color-theme-color' target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noopener noreferrer\"><span class='avia_button_icon avia_button_icon_left' aria-hidden='true' data-av_icon='\ue82d' data-av_iconfont='entypo-fontello'><\/span><span class='avia_iconbox_title' >Access Paper<\/span><\/a><\/div><br \/>\n\n<style type=\"text\/css\" data-created_by=\"avia_inline_auto\" id=\"style-css-av-av_hr-5ea7596238ed9f191e6b5e662093052f\">\n#top 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item)\">urban equality<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/urbanisation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-88 tag-link-position-44\" style=\"font-size: 12.782608695652pt;\" aria-label=\"Urbanisation (6 items)\">Urbanisation<\/a>\n<a href=\"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/tag\/water-and-sanitation\/\" class=\"tag-cloud-link tag-link-96 tag-link-position-45\" style=\"font-size: 17.826086956522pt;\" aria-label=\"Water and Sanitation (26 items)\">Water and Sanitation<\/a><\/div>\n<\/div><\/div><\/p>\n<\/div><\/div><\/div>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"","protected":false},"author":6,"featured_media":21614,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"class_list":["post-21962","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21962","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/6"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=21962"}],"version-history":[{"count":2,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21962\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":21964,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/21962\/revisions\/21964"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/21614"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=21962"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=21962"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/iihs.co.in\/knowledge-gateway\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=21962"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}